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The Schuman Declaration
The nine versions and the final declaration
Declaration by Robert Schuman (Paris, 9 May 1950)
TonOn 9 May 1950, the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, invites Germany and other interested European states to place their iron and steel production under the authority of a supranational European institution. As Schuman’s address could not be recorded on 9 May 1950, the Minister had to take part in a re-enactment of the event for posterity.
First draft of the Schuman Declaration (17 April 1950)
TextOn 17 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the first draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Second draft of the Schuman Declaration (17 April 1950)
TextOn 17 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the second draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Third draft of the Schuman Declaration (April 1950)
TextIn late April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the third draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Fourth draft of the Schuman Declaration (26 April 1950)
TextOn 26 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the fourth draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Fifth draft of the Schuman Declaration (27 April 1950)
TextOn 27 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the fifth draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Sixth draft of the Schuman Declaration (28 April 1950)
TextOn 28 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the sixth draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Seventh draft of the Schuman Declaration (28 April 1950)
TextOn 28 April 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the seventh draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Eighth draft of the Schuman Declaration (4 May 1950)
TextOn 4 May 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the eighth draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
Ninth and final draft of the Schuman Declaration (6 May 1950)
TextOn 6 May 1950, Jean Monnet and his close colleagues draw up the ninth and final draft of what will become the Schuman Declaration.
The Schuman Declaration (Paris, 9 May 1950)
TextOn 9 May 1950, the declaration made in the Salon de l’Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry by the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, marks the decisive starting point for European integration.
Notes for the press on the declaration of 9 May 1950
TextOn 9 May 1950, staff of Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet put the finishing touches to the explanatory notes for the press on the Schuman Declaration, particularly regarding the anti-cartel aspect of the future coal and steel pool.
Reactions
'The dawn of Europe' from Le Monde (9 May 1975)
TextIn an article published in the French daily newspaper Le Monde on the 25th anniversary of the Declaration made on 9 May 1950, Pierre Uri, former colleague of Jean Monnet, recalls the preparations for the Schuman Plan.
‘The canary cage’ from Le Monde (15 May 1950)
TextOn 15 May 1950, the French daily newspaper Le Monde publishes an article by political commentator Maurice Duverger in which he refutes the economic and political objections that are already being raised and welcomes the French proposal to create a coal and steel pool in Europe.
Letter from André François-Poncet to Robert Schuman (Godesberg, 16 May 1950)
TextOn 16 May 1950, André François-Poncet, High Commissioner of the French Republic in Germany, sends a letter to Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, in which he analyses the initial reactions in West Germany to the Schuman Plan.
‘Consequences and intentions of the Schuman plan’ from Union française et Parlement (25 May 1950)
TextIn May 1950, in an article in the journal Union française et parlement, Léon Boutbien, Member of the Steering Committee of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and Adviser to the French Union, welcomes the revolutionary nature of the Schuman Plan for a coal and steel pool and considers the issues surrounding the plan, in particular the attitude of socialist activists and the position of the British.
'An anti-cartel cartel' from the Corriere della Sera (11 May 1950)
TextTwo days after the Schuman Declaration, the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera considers the objectives of the European coal and steel pool.
‘The outlook for Europe' from Het Vrije Volk (10 May 1950)
TextOn 10 May 1950, the day after the press conference held by Robert Schuman on the pooling of coal and steel in Europe, the Dutch daily newspaper Het Vrije Volk welcomes the French Government’s initiative.
‘The French initiative' from the Vrij Nederland (20 May 1950)
TextOn 20 May 1950, the Dutch magazine Vrij Nederland speculates on the feasibility and differences of the Schuman Plan compared with the other initiatives for European integration currently under way.
Summary record of discussions between Germany and the USA on the Schuman Plan (11 May 1950)
TextOn 11 May 1950, an internal note from the German Foreign Ministry comments on the favourable response to the Schuman Plan by the United States and outlines the reaction of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) to the statement by the French Foreign Minister.
‘France-German entente’ from the Freie Presse (13 May 1950)
TextOn 13 May 1950, the Germany daily newspaper Freie Presse looks back at the stormy history of Franco-German relations and welcomes the Schuman Declaration of 9 May that paves the way for a new entente between the two countries.
‘Managers not politicians: Europe is revolutionised ' from Die Zeit (18 May 1950)
TextOn 18 May 1950, the German weekly newspaper Die Zeit outlines the ‘revolutionary’ aspects of the French proposal for a coal and steel pool in Western Europe, known as the Schuman Plan.
Telegram from Dean Acheson to James E. Webb on the Schuman Plan (12 May 1950)
TextOn 12 May 1950, Dean Acheson, US Secretary of State, sends a telegram to James E. Webb, Acting US Secretary of State, in which he describes the origins of the declaration of 9 May and particularly emphasises the role of Jean Monnet in the development of the Schuman Plan.
Statement by Jean Monnet to the Council of the Allied High Commission (Petersberg, 23 May 1950)
TextIn an address to Members of the Council of the Allied High Commission for Germany, Jean Monnet recalls the origins and the fundamental objectives of the Schuman Plan and defines the scope of the powers held by the ECSC High Authority.
‘Prospects’ from Die Gegenwart (1 June 1950)
TextOn 1 June 1950, the German magazine Die Gegenwart outlines the economic, political and social implications of the Schuman Plan for the Federal Republic of Germany and emphasises the importance of including Eastern Europe in the future coal and steel pool.
Reactions
'One fatal flaw' from The Observer (4 June 1950)
TextOn 4 June 1950, the British Sunday newspaper The Observer publishes an article by ‘a student of Europe’ which identifies the flaws in the Schuman Plan, deploring, in particular, the powers of the future High Authority.