On 5 September 1960, the French President, General de Gaulle, holds a press conference at the Élysée Palace during which he outlines his concept of a Europe of the Nations.
„De Gaulles europäischer Weg, nicht miteinander, sondern nebeneinander.“ Nach der Pressekonferenz vom 5. September 1960 wird General de Gaulle vorgeworfen, die Supranationalität als Weg zur Einigung Europas abzulehnen; stattdessen entwickelt er seine Vorstellung von einem Europa der Vaterländer. Der deutsche Karikaturist Ekö spöttelt über die sehr eigenwilligen Vorstellungen General de Gaulles vom europäischen Einigungswerk. Rechts neben dem französischen Staatspräsidenten ist Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer zu sehen.
On 23 September 1960, General de Gaulle sends a letter to the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, in which he underlines the importance of Franco-German cooperation in promoting political union in Europe.
On 30 September 1960, General de Gaulle sends a letter to his Prime Minister, Michel Debré, in which he reveals certain guidelines relating to France's attitude towards European political union.
En mars 1961, lors d'une interview accordée à la presse étrangère, Maurice Couve de Murville, ministre français des Affaires étrangères, s'explique sur la politique européenne de la France.
On 15 May 1962, while answering journalists' questions on the failure of the Fouchet Plan, General de Gaulle attacks the theories of supranationality and Atlanticism in order, once again, to defend his vision of a Europe of States.
Am 15. Mai 1962 gibt General de Gaulle in Paris eine Pressekonferenz, auf der er seine Auffassung von einem Europa der Staaten noch einmal bekräftigt und die Ideen der Supranationalität mit einer Mischung aus Esperanto und Volapük vergleicht.
‘“Pompidou!” “My general?” “These glasses are irritating me…” (Strikes, Europe)’. On 17 May 1962, two days after the press conference held by General de Gaulle in which he reaffirmed his view of a ‘Europe of states’, the French cartoonist Esenti paints an ironic picture of how President de Gaulle sees France’s position on the international stage. While the strikes affecting the country (coal mines and railways) and the vision of a supranational Europe seem to be irritating Charles de Gaulle — who complains openly about them to his Prime Minister Georges Pompidou —, the Head of State dreams of a policy of independence and grandeur for France. General de Gaulle imagines a US President (John F. Kennedy, on the left) and a Soviet leader (Nikita S. Khrushchev, on the right) greeting the French President with respect and deference, as they would have greeted the Sun King. Under his arm de Gaulle is carrying the nuclear deterrent, emphasising France’s role as a member of the very select club of nuclear nations and therefore its influence in the world.
On 18 May 1962, the daily newspaper Le monde du travail, published by the Liège Province Federation of the Belgian Socialist Party (PSB), strongly criticises the French President General de Gaulle’s position on Europe after he ridiculed the idea of a supranational Europe at a press conference held on 15 May in Paris.
Am 24. September 1962 ergreift Pierre Pflimlin vor der Versammlung des Europarates in Straßburg das Wort. Zum ersten Mal seit seinem Rücktritt von seinem Posten in der französischen Regierung äußert er sich und kritisiert scharf die Europapolitik des Generals de Gaulle.
"Dies ist die französische Lösung." Am 9. Juli 1965, illustriert der Karikaturist Lap in den Spalten der französischen satirischen Wochenzeitung Le Canard enchaîné die gaullistische Vision der europäischen Politik: "Ein Europa meiner Sechs", unter der Führung von General de Gaulle.
In diesem Interview spricht Richard Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, der im Jahre 1924 die Paneuropa-Union gründete, über die Haltung von General de Gaulle zum Europäischen Aufbauwerk.
Prof. Pierre Gerbet, Prof. em. am Institut d’études politiques von Paris, beschreibt den Ursprung und das Wesen der Vorstellungen des Generals de Gaulle von Europa.
Am 30. Mai 1968 hält der Präsident der französischen Republik Charles de Gaulle eine energische Rundfunkansprache, um die öffentliche Meinung wieder auf seine Seite zu bringen, die nach den politischen Ereignissen der Studentenunruhen ratlos ist.
In diesem Interview erläutert der Präsident der internationalen Paneuropa-Union und ehemalige Europa-Abgeordnete Otto von Habsburg, warum seiner Meinung nach General de Gaulle einer der Hauptakteure in der Geschichte des Europäischen Aufbauwerks war.
‘Who does the baby look like — you or me?’ In January 1960, cartoonist Hans Geisen takes an ironic look at German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and French President Charles de Gaulle, who, standing over the cradle of European unity, speculate on its paternity within the Franco-German duo.
On 7 September 1960, a note from the Luxembourg Embassy in Bonn to the Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs sets out Germany’s reactions to the press conference held by the French President, Charles de Gaulle.
‘When the rooster sings on the manure heap, everything stays as it is!’ On 9 September 1960, a few days after the press conference held by French President Charles de Gaulle during which he proposed European political cooperation on the basis of individual states rather than the current supranational system, the Swiss cartoonist Hans Geisen paints an ironic picture of the role the French President is hoping to play on the European stage. Charles de Gaulle, depicted as a rooster, seems to want to assume a leadership role and reign supreme over the poultry yard of European states. But the French proposal ultimately meets with little enthusiasm from France’s European partners.
‘The barrier.’ On 18 May 1962, in reaction to the press conference held by General de Gaulle, President of the French Republic, the German cartoonist, Hartung, harshly criticises the Gaullist view of Europe which favours a Europe of States and is hostile to any form of supranational integration.
In March 1963, the German cartoonist Brockmann portrays the French President Charles De Gaulle’s conception of the European Communities in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.
„Mathematik à la France“. Am 30. September 1964 nimmt der Schweizer Karikaturist Hans Geisen die sehr spezielle Vorstellung des französischen Staatspräsidenten General de Gaulle von Europa auf Korn. Der als Lehrer dargestellte De Gaulle erklärt seinen jungen Schülern die Europa-Gleichung, die sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen lässt: „Europa= Frankreich + 1/2 Deutschland = de Gaulle“. In der ersten Reihe folgt ein deutscher Schüler in Gestalt des kleinen deutschen Michels dem Unterricht des französischen Lehrers.
On 5 January 1965, the Belgian daily newspaper La Gazette de Liège publishes an article written by Konrad Adenauer, former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who emphasises that an entente is required between France and Germany if political integration in Europe is to be achieved.
In seinen Erinnerungen beschreibt der deutsche Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer sein erstes Treffen mit dem französischen Staatspräsidenten Charles de Gaulle in dessen Haus "La Boisserie" in Colombey-les-deux-Églises am 14. September 1958.
Am 11. und 12. Juli 1965, am Rande des 6. deutsch-französischen Gipfeltreffen in Bonn zwischen Charles de Gaulle und Ludwig Erhard, trifft sich der französische Staatspräsident mit dem ehemaligen deutschen Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer.
In diesem Interview spricht Egon Bahr, ehemaliger Leiter des Planungsstabes des Auswärtigen Amts unter Willy Brandt, über die Haltung Brandts zur Europa-Politik Charles de Gaulles, vor allem in Bezug auf den Beitritt des Vereinigtes Königreichs zu den Europäischen Gemeinschaften.
On 7 September 1960, Pierre Pescatore, Political Director in the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, writes a summary note on the position taken by Italian diplomats in the light of General de Gaulle’s proposals on European political cooperation.
On 21 December 1965, activists belonging to the European Federalist Mouvement take to the streets of Rome in protest at the policies relating to European integration pursued by French President, Charles de Gaulle.
On 9 September 1960, Albert Borschette, Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the EC, forwards to Eugène Schaus, Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs, a report in which he analyses General de Gaulle’s European policy.
On 15 September 1960, Lambert Schaus, Luxembourg Member of the European Commission, analyses what lies behind the European policy of the French President, Charles de Gaulle.
On 17 September 1960, the French President Charles de Gaulle sets out his country’s European policy during talks at the Élysée Palace with Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister.
On 18 September 1960, the Luxembourg Government publishes a communiqué on the talks held the previous day at the Élysée Palace between Ministers from France and Luxembourg regarding European political cooperation.
On 15 February 1966, the Luxemburg Embassy in Brussels sends a note to the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, Pierre Werner, in which it informs him of the position of the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul-Henri Spaak, on the possibility of a revival in political cooperation between the Six.
On 23 February 1966, the Luxemburg Ambassador to Brussels sends a note to the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, Pierre Werner, in which he informs him of the position of the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul-Henri Spaak, on the possibility of a revival in political consultations between the Six, in the presence of the United Kingdom.
On 8 September 1960, Robert Als, Luxembourg Ambassador to Paris, sends Eugène Schaus, Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs, a letter in which he gives an account of an interview with his Dutch counterpart, Jan Willem Beyen, on General de Gaulle’s concept of a Europe of States.
In his Memoirs, Joseph Luns, Netherlands Foreign Minister from 1956-1971, recalls the Netherlands government’s opposition to General de Gaulle’s concept of a Europe of States.
For Opland, Dutch cartoonist, ‘de Gaulle’s Europe’ is a Europe of States shielded from the stranglehold of the influence of the United States and Moscow which makes it ‘inaccessible to friend and foe alike’.
‘I am Europe!’ In June 1962, in the Dutch daily newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad, the Dutch cartoonist originally from Berlin, Fritz Behrendt, takes an ironic look at the oversized ego of General de Gaulle, President of the French Republic, who wants to take all the leading roles in Europe’s history.
In October 1960, British cartoonist David Low takes an ironic look at the European plans of French President Charles de Gaulle and portrays the bitter failure of his Algerian policy. In the background, German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
On 20 January 1963, the British Sunday newspaper The Observer portrays the European ideal inspired by the vision of the French President, Charles de Gaulle.
On 18 May 1962, the British cartoonist, David Low, takes an ironic look at General de Gaulle’s vision of Europe and illustrates the surprise of the US President, John F. Kennedy, and of the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, at the French President’s views.