In 1987, Raymond Crotty attacks the ratification of the Single European Act, mainly on the basis of his interpretation of the third amendment of the Irish Constitution (which sets out the constitutionality of Ireland’s participation in the Communities). In its judgment of 12 February of the same year, the Irish High Court dismisses Crotty’s complaint, concluding that he has no locus standi. The case is subsequently referred to the Supreme Court.